Is nothing private Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is nothing private - Case Study Example Monique Masters that her quest is honorable aimed at offering more good than bad. The main ethical issue in the case is primarily the privacy and confidentiality of all persons who holds driver’s license. The case is characterized by a number of relevant details. To start with, FatAway’s president, Monique Masters presents her need to advertise for a newly developed product line. The products to be advertised are deemed safe, reliable and effective. The advertising undertakings are referred to an advertising agency that is supposed to gather specific and relevant information for the advertisement, design the advertisement and further market the entire campaign. The information required is available, but not specifically gathered for advertisement and marketing purposes. Another relevant detail that pertains to this case is the procedure to use in getting the required information. The advert needs to identify the ten fattest people in each state. This information is dependent on getting access to all persons who hold driving licenses. Once this is done, their height and weight is to be matched and the grossly fat persons identified for the advertisement pursuit. The identified persons will be asked to consent to the move, with those who get into a weight loss program getting paid for every pound of weight lost. The other detail is that of getting access to the required information. The privacy and confidentiality of the information held by drivers’ registries seems to be jeopardized. This is regard to the alternatives available in getting access to this information. Subscriptions are allowed and even in some cases secretaries of state provide this information at a cost. Business and professional conduct is therefore central to the dealings between Monique, the Advertising Agency and the Executive account Manager. The case details therefore revolve around the FatAway Inc., the advertising agency and its

How Our Culture Glorifies One Sex Over the Other in Dating Essay Example for Free

How Our Culture Glorifies One Sex Over the Other in Dating Essay In his musings A Note on Vulnerability and Responsibility, Hugo Schywyzer comments, Men, it seems, cant distinguish being wanted as a partner and being needed as a protector and provider. Women have always been held in high regard when it comes to dating. This is because women, through time, have always been viewed as weak and in need of protection. This view has carried over to our new era of woman empowerment and independence. These views have slowly changed over the decades though and beginning in the 1960s, women have slowly evolved into an equal partnership with men. These days, women and men earn their place in their relationships. The glorification is no longer automatic even while you are simply dating one another. Men have traditionally held the more responsible role of being mature and more understanding in a relationship. These days though, maturity and respect in a relationship are considered a two-way street where a dating couple would rather find a common middle ground rather than the man letting the woman have her way in the relationship. Although a womans decision is still glorified in terms in dating, women today tend to use their prerogative to find an outlet that they both will enjoy. It is no longer just a woman who must enjoy a date these days and the women prefer it that way. Although, the continually evolving area of dating has proven that women do not necessarily have to date. It is perfectly acceptable for women to opt for independence and remain single. Women no longer like being placed on a pedestal where men seemingly glorify them for the sake of their egos. Women no longer respond in a resigned manner to sexist treatment. Women will no longer accept that she is inferior and, judged to be mentally inferior to the male. Women feel respected these days when a man listens to what she has to say and considers her suggestions. Men seem to prefer a woman who shares her thoughts because the responsibility for dating enjoyment and relationship building no longer falls squarely on the mans shoulders. Consider my personal situation as an example. I work in the Armed Services and yet it does not affect my relationship with men. Instead of being threatened by my position, which used to be solely a mans job, most men who know me admire me for my courage and sense of duty and responsibility. These are traits that I carry over into my personal relationships that produces a smooth flowing and open line of communication and understanding with my partner. Since we both have input into how to improve our relationship, we have built a strong bond that cannot be questioned and need not be doubted. We are equals and partners in everything we do. These days, a man is no longer relegated to the protector and provider role. This evens out the responsibility in a relationship and allows the woman to ask her man to treat her as an equal while still being vulnerable and in need of protection. It can be said that men now treat women as their equal in every way even with the limitations set in place not by man, but by Mother Nature herself. Our culture no longer dictates that we glorify one sex over the other when it comes to dating. A woman no longer needs to pretend to be vulnerable and like a porcelain doll just to make the man feel strong. Men now get their glorification by living up to their commitments and vows in a relationship. Glorification of one sex over the other is no longer the norm. The bible lectures women to be submissive to their husband, that has not been the case for decades now. These days, women have the right to say no if she feels a situation is not right for her. Men can no longer assume for example, that when he says he is moving to another state, his girlfriend or wife will automatically go with him. Women these days have more things to consider like their jobs, family, friends unlike before when she was simply a stay at home person who was expected to do a mans bidding. M These days, a womans opinion is recognized as needed and therefore must be considered. Dating these days are based on totally new sets of rules based on woman empowerment and independence. Certain sports like soccer, golf, tennis, and basketball now have equivalent female leagues. While activities such as rock climbing, handy work around the house, and car repairs, which used to be the sole realm of men have seen a fair share of women accomplishing the same tasks without the hindrances one may have ordinarily expected. Responsibility of making a relationship, or even just a simple date, work is now a shared task that no longer glorifies or spotlights one sex over the other. This I further reinforced by the mass media of today with shows such as Sex at the City, Friends, Greys Anatomy, and Alias. All the women on these shows equal their male counterparts in every way. The barriers of social enjoyment have been torn down by these shows and empowered women to become an active participant in choosing their life mate. These shows encourage woman to take the initiative for dating or any other companionship activity provided that she is comfortable doing so. It is okay for a woman to be aggressive to a certain degree. A woman asking a man out on a date is no longer frowned upon since men can sometimes be just as shy as the woman when asking for a date. It is okay for a woman to change her own flat tire. It is no longer an issue if a woman has more intellectual know how than men. Women like these gain the respect of the significant other who glorify the woman who earned the right to be treated equally and not because tradition and society has dictated it to be that way. Society now dictates the women prove themselves if they want to be respected. Women have proven it many times over. Women are now leading and formidable figures in the fields that were exclusively for men in the past such as politics (Hillary Clinton senator), and business (Oprah Winfrey Mass Media). Outline of How Our Culture Glorifies One Sex over the Other in Dating Lead-in There is a belief that our culture glorifies one sex over the other when it comes to dating. Thesis These days our culture no longer glorifies one sex over the other in dating because all responsibilities and tasks are now a shared effort on the part of the man and woman. Conclusion: Be it a male or female, the dating couple want to earn the respect of their partner and earn the respect and glorification that is accorded to them as a productive significant other in the dating relationship. Works Cited: Hugo Schwyzer. November 03, 2005 A Note On Vulnerability and Responsibility. Retrieved January 4, 2007 from http://hugoboy. typepad. com/hugo_schwyzer/2005/11/on_a_more_serio. html

Utopia :: essays research papers

As its title hints, the essay which follows is not the history but biographical of an idea. The idea for the book called Utopia. Like all ideas for books it was born and had its whole life span in the mind of an author. Like all such ideas it ceased to be when the printed book Utopia became a black-on-white reality. Although there is no accurate record of its birth date, it seems to have been born in the mind of Sir Thomas More. As the writer I shall have to take into account the environment in which our subject passed its life and that environment was the mind of Sir Thomas More. To establish the lineaments of the idea for Utopia we shall perforce, for lack of better sources of information, rely on the book called Utopia We ourselves shall have to look very closely to separate the thinkers thought from the literary tricks of the trade. More's intentions in Utopia, must remain mysterious. A little more difficult to accept is the general implication of the review that the mysteriousness of the author's intent in Utopia is somehow a point in his favor, that the obscurity of his meaning enhances the merit of his work. The one point of unanimous agreement about Utopia is it is a work of social comment. Since Utopia is a work of many ideas, it is impossible of course to expand the book unless one has some notion of the hierarchy of conception in it. A caretul reading of Utopia does seem to me to reveal clearly the hierarchy of it author's ideas at the time he composed the book. Although the interpretation of Utopia which follows has no pretension to substantial novelty, but rather disavows it, my approach to the problem may seem singular and eccentric. The account of such an analysis will necessarily be a little dull, so I shall have to request the forbearance of the reader without being able to promise for his patie nce any large reward in the shape of a brand new insight. The inconsistency between the prospectus in the curious paragraph and the subject matter that follows in the printed version of Utopia becomes intelligible if we make a few assumptions about the development of the books composition. The conclusion various scholars have come to about More's attitude toward the institution of property coincides to a remarkable degree with their own pre-dilection on that point, or with their notion of what More should have thought.

Appeal statement

I am writing to appeal my academic dismissal from XXXXX State University. I was not surprised, but very upset to receive a letter earlier this week informing me of my dismissal. I would like to urge you to accept my appeal to Reversal for Dismissal Action. I admit, I had a very difficult time past two semesters, and my grades suffered as a result. I don't mean to make excuses for my poor academic performance, but I would like to explain the circumstances.I knew that registering for 10 credit hours in the spring would require a lot of my effort, but I needed to earn the hours so that I was on track to graduate on time. I thought I could handle the work load, and I still think I could have, except that my family circumstances were ruining and as I was far from home and could not concentrate on my course work. While there was financial problems which were pressurized on me to graduate soon.With all these Problems I was made to do part time in order to meet my expenses and fell ill frequ ently which lead to irregularity of attending classes Needless to say, the hours I used to spent n part time work cut into my study time. Even when I was at school, I was very distracted with the home situation and was unable to focus on my schoolwork. I understand now that I should have communicated with my professors (instead of avoiding them), or even taken a leave of absence. I thought I could handle all of these burdens, and I tried my best, but I was wrong.I love XXXXX State University, and it would mean so much to me to graduate with a degree from this school, which would make me the first person in my family to complete a college degree. If I am reversed for Dismissal Action, I will focus much better on my schoolwork, take few credit hours, As financially things are getting better at my home I need not do any part time and manage my time more wisely by concentrating only on course work, plan a schedule of meeting my advisor and professors frequently, will retake the courses in which I scored low grades again, and get better grades.Fortunately, I came for a visit to my home town and I am feeling much better as things are getting better at my home and feeling relieved from my depressions. Also, I will meet my advisor as soon as I reach Kent, and I will follow her advice and will communicate better with my professors from now on. Please understand that my low GPA that led to my dismissal does not indicate that I am a bad student. Really, I'm a good student who had one very, very bad year. I hope you will give me a second chance. Thank you for considering this appeal. Sincerely,

The Amazing Story of How Ratan Tata Built an Empire

He's packing his bags — again. December 2012, when he turns 75, is the third scheduled retirement for Ratan Tata. The Tata Group has been at this inflection point twice earlier, and stepped back both times. In 2002, when Tata was to retire at 65, the Tata Sons board promptly redesignated him non-executive chairman, which meant he could continue for another five years. Three years later, the board upped the retirement age of non-executive directors to 75. The message is clear: Ratan Tata is indispensable. And it's not just the board that feels that way. There were loud cries of support from shareholders at the Tata Steel AGM in August, held soon after the announcement that Tata Sons had created a panel to find Tata's successor. â€Å"We can't lose our ratan (jewel),† said one shareholder, while others asked him to stay on as chairman emeritus. Whether or not he acknowledges it openly, Tata must be feeling vindicated by this public recognition of his worth. When he took over as Tata Group chairman on March 25, 1991, critics were loud and unrestrained in their disapproval and scepticism. Ratan Tata was considered to have gained his position purely on the strength of his surname; he was incompetent, raged opponents both within and outside Bombay House, and he didn't possess an iota of the charisma of his uncle and predecessor, JRD Tata. Nearly 20 years later, Ratan Tata has achieved almost everything on his 1991 agenda. At Rs 3. 46 lakh crore (Rs 3. 46 trillion), Tata Group revenue is 40 times the 1991 level, while net profit has gone up four times.

E-Commerce †Will and CO. The WritePass Journal

E-Commerce – Will and CO. Introduction E-Commerce – Will and CO. ). This meant that Salesforce did not have to be installed on Will Co computers, which in turn meant noproblems with   compatibility (for example there was no need to install on PCs or laptops). Additionally, Salesforce proved to be inexpensive to start using, compared to some other brands of customer relationship software.   With Salesforce, the upfront cost is quite small, although over the long term monthly payments mean the overall cost is likely to be considerably higher than other solutions.   Being able to spread the cost was initially advantageous to Will Co, but may be less so in the longer term.  Ã‚   Further, the system was efficient and user-friendly. The reports produced during the trial were quite comprehensive.   The system also allows users to communicate with each other. Security is also relatively high. Salesforce reports are quick and detailed. Additionally, the program automatically saves reports which haven’t been manually saved. The platform is also strong on integrating contacts. Another advantage is that the programme is very easy to use, with a dashboard that allows users to view historical data. As this feature is new, not all organizations use it, and early adopters might achieve competitive advantage, as it allows users to view a summary of previous and current processes without the need for extensive searching. Salesforce is also compatible with mobile devices, which is useful for Will Co, as their staff are encouraged to use mobile phones and other portable devices like tablets to work away from the office. That Salesforce utilizes mobile technology is also reassuring, as Will Co are firmly committed to marketing using social media (particularly those accessed by mobile phones).   It has been estimated that the majority of consumers tend to utilize mobile devices in order to access the Internet (New Media Trends, 2012). It has been further estimated that an average consumer has at least two devices; which is set to increase up to four devices per person in the nearest future (New Media Trends, 2012).   It will be important to develop a robust ethics surrounding marketing practices which break new ground in terms of new media, however. There are some disadvantages with Salesforce which were revealed in the trial. One concerns with Salesforce was that there was only one password, which raises questions of security, as there is only one password to hack. A possible solution management might investigate is liasing with Salesforce to see if they can provide a more secure system. A similar issue can be raised about the visibility of private data. Currently private data can be seen by other users. Again, management might raise this with Salesforce and see if higher levels of privacy can be written into the software.   Another concern relates to software compatibility.   For the trial, only Microsoft Outlook was utilized, no testing has been made on other e-mail domains. A further flaw is that Salesforce is operated only over the internet. Without Internet connection it does not function. This is the nature of cloud computing. (Jamsa, 2012). This might lead to problems in cases where the organization loses connectivity to the internet, although it might further be argued that this possibility becomes less likely over time as systems become more robust. Lessons Learnt The exercise revealed that while the mechanics of developing an online business are straightforward, it is also time-consuming and requires a lot of dedication. It was clear that taking advantage of one of the numerous customer relationship software platforms and/or web-hosting domains (Phan, 2003) makes the process easier. However, the exercise has also shown that it is very important to be very clear before developmentregarding the purpose and concept of the business. In otherwords, a comprehensive business plan is necessary.   This will involve researching the market in order to identify the major trends and possible changes on the market (Phan, 2003). There is also a need for an overarching vision for the longer term future, to aid in the achievement of organizational objectives (Filion, 1991). In terms of the actual platform, the project showed that it is important to have a user-friendly platform. Considering the fact that the majority of users may not be technically expert,à ‚   any platform needs to be simple and straightforward to use (Srinivasan and Anderson, 2002).  Ã‚   Issues raised about security and privacy of the data made it clear that ethical considerations have to be considered. If information about consumers is managed online, not only do people have to be informed that data is held about them, but also steps should be taken to ensure the data is kept securely (Data   Protection Act 1998) Parasuraman and Zeithaml, (2005) suggest a framework to evaluatethe quality of online services, particularly the efficiency of the website. Their model suggests that there are certain gaps in expectations based on the evaluation of online services. There are several main variables which are utilized in order to measure the quality of online services, namely efficiency (how quickly and easily the website can be accessed), fulfillment (whether what is promised is delivered), system availability (the technical specifications of the system), privacy (confidentiality of data), responsiveness (the way in which problems are handled and enquiries responded to), compensation (whether recompense is made for problems and contact (how easy it is to get information about who to contact). The experiences during this exercise highlight the importance of such a   framework in order to quantify , monitor and control all the activities on the website. It was easy, though time consuming, to set up an online presence for Will Co, but this framework allowed participants to evaluate the website’s performance in terms of aspects important to users. Additionally, it was revealed that it will be necessary to update the website constantly in relation to customer requests and expectations. Amazon.com offers a workable example of good practice, its CEO was focused on the delivery of a best service quality possible through these means (Markey and Hopton, 2002). One of the most important lessons learnt during this process was that thebusiness should be ethical and sustainable. For Will Co, ethics therefore should determine the whole organizational culture. In addition to the concerns of the directors that business be conducted ethically, it has been suggested that consumers tend to demand ethical services (Kracher and Corritore, 2009), going alongside an increasing trend for environmental concern among consumers. This concern with ethics   should be reflected not only in terms of relationships with consumers but also in the organizational culture itself and in the relationships with the suppliers (Kracher and Corritore, 2009). Marketing and Sales In order for any online business to be successful, it is important to consider marketing and promotional techniques. Will and Co’s business model is based on the integration of a Web Catalogue Revenue Model. This model is a traditional model, but one which is often utilized for marketing online retailing websites (Rappa, 2004). Under this model,   orders are made via the website and then shipped to the consumer. Revenue is generated from orders made through the website. This is the most suitable revenue model for marketing the bath and body care products (Rappa, 2004), as it is simple to integrate and does not require a high level of technical knowledge.   Alternative online revenue models include digital content revenue models, fee-for-transaction revenue models, and fee-for-service revenue models (Schneider 2011).   Other models are unsuitable, as they are designed for different types of product, for example digital products or services, not physical goods. It is important for a manager to integrate promotional targeting and segmentation techniques in order to categorize the consumers. In terms of online business, Schneider identifies three catagories, namely browsers, buyers and shoppers (Schneider, 2009). The aim is to convert the browsers into the shoppers.. For this purpose it is important to develop a marketing plan, which is based on the marketing mix (Kotler and Armstrong, 2009). The marketing mix includes the development of strategies related to pricing, product, distribution and promotion. In terms of Will Co, although the overall aim is to offer the consumer high-quality product at an affordable price, there is a need to further differentiate the offer from those of   other products in the sector. To address this the brand will focus on communicating messages of physical refreshment and unusual ingredients in their bath and body care products.   Ã‚  The website will give consumers a wealth of detail of the provenance of i ngredients, describing the people who make the products and the farmers who grow the raw ingredients. The main distribution channel is the Internet, namely the official Will and Co website. Here it is important to deliver coherency between the brand image and the website design (Kotler and Armstrong, 2009). Therefore Will Co’s website design should reflect a sense ofrefreshment with clean lines, but also reflect concern and care for the people who make the products or grow their ingredients. This will help the company position the brand in the market. In addition to this, attention should be drawn to the reasonable prices of the products.   The manager needs also to ensure that the writers of the website content highlight the fair business practices Will Co subscribe to. A currently popular promotional techniques is the use of social media.   It is important for Will and Co to subscribe to Twitter and Facebook in order to start promotion of the products. The company can use these media as a way of building a relationship with customers.   It is increasingly important for customers to feel that they have a personal relationship with a brand.   This is especially significant at the start-up level of an online business. By using Twitter and Facebook, the organisation positions itself as a personality with whom customers can interact (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Consumers can also leave reviews. Social media also serves as a platform for spreading word of new organizations, which is beneficial for Will and Co. It is also important to ensure that banner ads are integrated well with the site, promoting only organizations similar to Will and Co in product offering (Schneider, 2009). With regards to search engine promotion, it is recommended that Will Co integrate paid search engine inclusion and placement, seeking placement on the first page of google for the main relevant searches. For example, when   consumers look for bath and body care products through a search engine, Will Co should be near the top of the list (Schneider, 2009). One of the major concerns is the cost of ensuring high rankings. Finally, the company should focus on the customer, and their ability to deliver the best service quality possible. By delivering as high a quality service as possible (fast delivery of products, quick responses to queries) higher customer satisfaction is likely to result, and consequently also a higher customer retention rate. Customer relationship management has become important over the recent decade, and with it the need to develop stronger relationships with consumers through delivering on promised service quality (Gronroos, 1993). Additionally, Technique such as Clickstream might be useful in the beginning to monitor and control the level of clicks and visits to the website. This will allow the evaluation of website activity to show which promotional strategies are the most beneficial in terms of sales and increase in visits Online Strategies Will Co can utilize a number of online strategies to help them become successful.   As mentioned above, social media should be a key advertising medium. This advertising method is inexpensive and at the same time effective in developing of conversations around the brands. For this purpose, it is recommended that Will Co subscribe to Twitter and Facebook. These are the two of the leading social networking websites with the highest number of subscribers. Twitter has recently surpassed 500 million subscribers whereas Facebook has reached 1 billion subscribers (Telegraph, 2012). In order to start advertising through these mediums it is recommended that Will Co gain followers through using special automated systems. These are targeting systems developed to promote products to customers who are particularly interested. It is also recommended that Will Co develop conversations around their brand in order to increase its brand exposure. This should be supported by e-mail marketing, wit h regular newsletters and reminders about the availability of products and promotions in the company. This will be maintained on the regular basis in order to sustain the customer interest.   However, in all these online activities Will Co must bear in mind the need to proceed ethically. Their strategies should not be underhand or deceptive. Particular care needs to be taken when users of social networking sites are under the age of 18, as young people are considered particularly vulnerable to the impact of advertising and should be protected. Conclusion This paper has discussed the lessons learnt by taking part in an   e-commerce exercise. It has identified key issues, which may affect the development of a new business. It has been shown that it is important to deliver high quality through the online business, as well as ensuring the ethical management of online business processes. This aids in the development of stranger relationships with the customers. With regard to marketing and promotion, it has been estimated that it is important to maintain a close match between the brand image, positioning and website design, particularly as the website is the main distribution channel. Finally, it is important to integrate social media techniques and strategies, since these are growing in popularity and likely to become more popular in the future. References: Chatzidakis, A and Mitussis, D (2002) ‘Computer ethics and consumer ethics: the impact of the internet on consumers ethical decision-making process’,   Journal of Consumer Behaviour: 6:5, 305-320 Data Protection Act 1998 (1998) HMSO, London Fillion L. (1991). Vision and Relations: Elements for an Entrepreneurial Metamodel. International Small Business Journal. 9 (2): 26-40 Grà ¶nroos, C. (1993b). From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Toward a Paradigm Shift in Marketing.   Working Paper, No. 263. Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsingfors, Finland. Jamsa K. (2012). Cloud Computing. Jones and Bartlett: USA IPSOS MediaCt(2013) ‘Social Grade: A Classification Tool’, [online] (cited 17th March 2013) available from ipsosmori.com/DownloadPublication/1285_MediaCT_thoughtpiece_Social_Grade_July09_V3_WEB.pdf Kaplan A., Haenlein M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons. 53 (1): 59-68 Kim S.S., Malhotra K.N., Agarwal J., (2004), â€Å"Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model†, Information Systems Research, Vol.15, Iss. 4, pp. 336 -355 Kracher, B., and Corritore, C.L. (2004). Is There a Special E-commerce Ethics? Business Ethics Quarterly, (14:1), 71-94. Markey M., Hopton C. (2000). E-customer loyalty- applying the traditional rules of business for online success. European Business Journal. Available: bus.iastate.edu/kpalan/mkt504/reichheldetalwinter.pdf (Accessed on 14/3/2013) Parasuraman A., Zeithaml V. Malhotra A. (2005). E-S-QUAL A Multiple-Item Scale for Assessing Electronic Service Quality. Journal of Service Research 7 (10): 1-21 Phan D. (2003). E-business development for competitive advantages: a case study. Information and Management. 40 (6): 581-590 Rappa M. (2000). Business Models on the Web. Available: http://digitalenterprise.org/ (Accessed on 16/3/2013) Schneider G. (2009). E-Business. 8th Edition. Cengage Learning: USA Schneider G. (2011). Electronic Commerce. 9th Edition. Cengage Learning: USA Srinivasan S. Anderson R., Ponnavolu K. (2002). Customer loyalty in e-commerce: an exploration of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Retailing. 78 (1): 41-50 Weltevreden, J WJ and Atzema, O A L C (2007) ‘Cyberspace Meets High Street: Adoption of Click-and-Mortar Strategies by Retail Outlets in City Centers   ‘, Journal of Urban Geography, 27:7, 628-650

Example of ANOVA Calculation

Example of ANOVA Calculation One factor analysis of variance, also known as ANOVA, gives us a way to make multiple comparisons of several population means. Rather than doing this in a pairwise manner, we can look simultaneously at all of the means under consideration. To perform an ANOVA test, we need to compare two kinds of variation, the variation between the sample means, as well as the variation within each of our samples. We combine all of this variation into a single statistic, called the ​F statistic because it uses the F-distribution. We do this by dividing the variation between samples by the variation within each sample. The way to do this is typically handled by software, however, there is some value in seeing one such calculation worked out. It will be easy to get lost in what follows. Here is the list of steps that we will follow in the example below: Calculate the sample means for each of our samples as well as the mean for all of the sample data.Calculate the sum of squares of error. Here within each sample, we square the deviation of each data value from the sample mean. The sum of all of the squared deviations is the sum of squares of error, abbreviated SSE.Calculate the sum of squares of treatment. We square the deviation of each sample mean from the overall mean. The sum of all of these squared deviations is multiplied by one less than the number of samples we have. This number is the sum of squares of treatment, abbreviated SST.Calculate the degrees of freedom. The overall number of degrees of freedom is one less than the total number of data points in our sample, or n - 1. The number of degrees of freedom of treatment is one less than the number of samples used, or m - 1. The number of degrees of freedom of error is the total number of data points, minus the number of samples, or n - m.Calculate the mean square of error. T his is denoted MSE SSE/(n - m). Calculate the mean square of treatment. This is denoted MST SST/m - 1.Calculate the F statistic. This is the ratio of the two mean squares that we calculated. So F MST/MSE. Software does all of this quite easily, but it is good to know what is happening behind the scenes. In what follows we work out an example of ANOVA following the steps as listed above. Data and Sample Means Suppose we have four independent populations that satisfy the conditions for single factor ANOVA. We wish to test the null hypothesis H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4. For purposes of this example, we will use a sample of size three from each of the populations being studied. The data from our samples is: Sample from population #1: 12, 9, 12. This has a sample mean of 11.Sample from population #2: 7, 10, 13. This has a sample mean of 10.Sample from population #3: 5, 8, 11. This has a sample mean of 8.Sample from population #4: 5, 8, 8. This has a sample mean of 7. The mean of all of the data is 9. Sum of Squares of Error We now calculate the sum of the squared deviations from each sample mean. This is called the sum of squares of error. For the sample from population #1: (12 – 11)2 (9– 11)2 (12 – 11)2 6For the sample from population #2: (7 – 10)2 (10– 10)2 (13 – 10)2 18For the sample from population #3: (5 – 8)2 (8 – 8)2 (11 – 8)2 18For the sample from population #4: (5 – 7)2 (8 – 7)2 (8 – 7)2 6. We then add all of these sum of squared deviations and obtain 6 18 18 6 48. Sum of Squares of Treatment Now we calculate the sum of squares of treatment. Here we look at the squared deviations of each sample mean from the overall mean, and multiply this number by one less than the number of populations: 3[(11 – 9)2 (10 – 9)2 (8 – 9)2 (7 – 9)2] 3[4 1 1 4] 30. Degrees of Freedom Before proceeding to the next step, we need the degrees of freedom. There are 12 data values and four samples. Thus the number of degrees of freedom of treatment is 4 – 1 3. The number of degrees of freedom of error is 12 – 4 8. Mean Squares We now divide our sum of squares by the appropriate number of degrees of freedom in order to obtain the mean squares. The mean square for treatment is 30 / 3 10.The mean square for error is 48 / 8 6. The F-statistic The final step of this is to divide the mean square for treatment by the mean square for error. This is the F-statistic from the data. Thus for our example F 10/6 5/3 1.667. Tables of values or software can be used to determine how likely it is to obtain a value of the F-statistic as extreme as this value by chance alone.

How Many SAT Subject Tests Should I Take

How Many SAT Subject Tests Should I Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Decisions, decisions! Not only do you have to make up your mind about which Subject Tests to take, you also have to decide how many Subject Tests to take. In this guide we'll look at the most important considerations when signing up for Subject Tests so you can be confident about your choice. How Many SAT Subject Tests Should You Take? This isn't as simple a question to answer as you may think; there are actually multiple factors to take into consideration. To make it easy for you, we'll go over all the key questions you should ask yourself. #1: What Do the Colleges You're Applying to Require? The most important factor in answering this question is the requirement of your colleges.Schools require zero, one, two, or three Subject Tests. The most selective schools usually require two Subject Tests. Georgetown is one exception that comes to mind - they want to see three. Click here to learn more about SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League and other selective schools. If a college asks for two, you probably shouldn't send along more than two. If you do take more than is required, the college should look at your highest scores. It will also consider your highest score if you sit for the same test more than once, but it might appear less strong to admissions officers if they see you took several tries to achieve a certain score. Besides its required number of Subject Tests, you also need to know if the colleges you're applying to have any specific requirements or expectations for which ones you take. Subject Tests requirements might differ by academic program. An engineering program, for example, probably wants to see math and science. Technical schools like MIT and CalTech require one math and one science Subject Test to apply. Check out our comprehensive list of all the colleges that require, recommend, or consider the SAT Subject Tests here. Remember, when a college "recommends," but does not require the tests, it's still a good idea to take them! It shows that you're putting forth extra effort and challenging yourself, along with demonstrating your academic strengths. Plus many colleges appreciate Subject Tests as a somewhat objective measure of your learning. While high school classes and grading systems vary across the country, the SAT and SAT Subject Tests are a nationally accepted standard meant to test students' academic knowledge on a level playing field. Once you're confident about the requirements of your colleges, you can reflect on your strengths and interests. #2: Which Subjects Do You Know Well? Are you intrigued by the process through which plants turn sunlight into food? Do you love learning about population flows within an ecosystem? Are word problems fun head-scratchers, or would you rather be reading Jane Austen and Mark Twain? By the way, if you answered "yes" to any of the above, my Subject Test recommendations would be Biological Molecular, Biology Ecological, Math, and Literature, respectively! Reflect on what you know, what you like, and in what subject areas you can perform well. Subject Tests are your opportunity to show that you've studied and gained significant knowledge in a particular area. Choose wisely so that you not only get a high score to add to your application, but you also add another dimension to the story of who you are and what you like. For more on this, check out our expert guide: Which Subject Tests Should You Take? If you feel you excel in several subjects, you may want to take three tests in one day (the maximum, unless there are Listening tests involved). Then, time permitting, you can choose your highest scores and send them along to your colleges. However, you don't want to give yourself unnecessary stress or waste time studying for a test you don't need. When Harvard says they want two tests, they want two - not four! To learn what makes a good score for each Subject Test, check out the full breakdown here. Another important consideration in choosing and preparing for the Subject Tests is how much time you can realistically devote to studying. No need to over-commit! #3: How Much Time Do You Have to Prep? As I mentioned above, there's no need to over-commit yourself and exceed requirements. Admissions officers are busy looking at thousands of applications. They want to see the number they require or recommend: no more, no less. Since you can take up to three in one day, you may feel that taking three will benefit you. If that's the case, make sure you have a thoughtful study plan in place. You wouldn't want your prep time to take away from studying for the general SAT, AP exams, or finals. At the same time, sometimes Subject Test and AP prep so closely align that you can kill two birds with one stone. Speaking of all these other tests you have to take, when should you fit in the Subject Tests, anyway? Click here for tips and strategies for choosing your SAT Subject Test dates for 2015 and 2016 and planning an effective study schedule. To Sum Up... Just how many SAT Subject Tests do you need to take? Most selective schools require two Subject Tests, but check with your school of interest to make sure and find out about any special instructions. Some schools have specific tests in mind, others want to see a range of subjects, and others differ depending on the program to which you're applying. While you may feel like no Subject Test requirement means you're off the hook, your school might still recommend them. For all intents and purposes, let's just interpret "recommends" as "requires." Unless you have a really good reason or the tests present a financial barrier*, you should still abide by your school's "recommendation" and send along your scores. *If finances make it difficult for you to take the tests, speak with admissions officers and investigate whether you qualify for an SAT fee waiver. What's Next? All the Subjects Tests are one hour in length, but the number and type of questions you have to answer in that hour vary by test. For a breakdown of exactly "how long" each test really is, check out this article here. For more on the differences between the tests,find answers to all your questions about "What are the SAT Subject Tests?" here. Do you know yet if you're taking the SAT or the ACT? This article offers a full technical breakdown of the differences between the two tests so you can figure out which one is best for you and your college applications. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

English writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English writing - Essay Example Training has been lifelong but successful. Aggression was dealt with in good time. My dog was trained under a special program in that he has special skills. He can detect seizures up to fifteen minutes before they occur. This not only makes my dog a friend but a protector. On the same note, I keep my dog to warn me on any instances of intrusion from where I can respond accordingly. How would I describe my dog? Bruno is 4 years old and plain white in color. German shepherd is Bruno’s breed which justifies his physical strength and fitness. He spends most of the day taking a nap and is always alert at night making rounds around the house to execute his security obligation. You can call him a watchdog of the twenty first century. Play makes him more active with his favorite spot being the water pond. He leaps in whenever it is warm or when someone else is in it. My siblings are often irritate by his character when he goes out and gets dusty after long hours of play as they have to clean him in my absentia else they will clean everything else he touches. My mum among them hates that moment when Bruno walks from outside and licks her lips while sleeping on the couch. She almost had Bruno given off to another foster family were it not for my pleading and support from my siblings. Living with my dog has given me several responsibilities that I have learnt from the daily encounters with Bruno. I am mandated to regularly take him to the vet for de-worming session every three months. Anti-rabies injections and vaccinations are among the treatment I must follow up. All parasites have to be eliminated and his health observed. I realized that my dog belongs to the same family as the jackals, wolves and the foxes. The difference is that its counterparts are not tamed. The dog has become my friend and servant. This dog has become part of my family as humans. I have not encountered a day when my dog has turned against my orders for a stranger. In conclusion, I

Music report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Music report - Essay Example The performance was rather complicated for me to perceive. It challenged my expectations because I had prepared to listen to rhythmic and harmonious classical music. At the same time, the piece accurately rendered actions of athletes adding strong emotional connotations to them. Intensity of the sound, loudness and tonality were used to express exact feelings associated with the game. The presence of commentator added even more theatrical effects to the piece; the man was completely absorbed by the game and I could easily imagine the real action of athletes following his comments. I think that Midnight Voyage is a great performance. The system of passages-actions applied in the piece can be used to present any football game in the USA or anywhere in the world. I felt that the game was real during the performance. Still, the music itself was complicated when it was taken from its context. It would sound as a cacophony without the commentator who carefully guided the spectators and told them what was going on. I am convinced that Midnight Voyage proves that music is far more than melody and rhythm; it is a performance full of emotions, feelings and

Ford Motor Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ford Motor Company - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  Ford Motors offers values for all its stakeholders. Ford Motors focuses on ‘one team’ consisting of all stakeholders such as customers, employees, suppliers, dealers and investors among others. Vision statement shows the future perspective of the company.  This paper stresses that organizations set up several strategies to operate business efficiently in international market. Ford Motor Company witnessed lots of strategic challenges during recession in the US. In the recent past, Ford Motors has redesigned a coherent business strategy. Ford emphasizes on ‘One Ford’ philosophy.  Ford Motor Company focuses on meeting the customers’ requirements by providing them quality products. It enhances the efficiency of its plants and processes by adopting advanced technologies. Their strategies are chiefly based on ‘One Ford’ approach. Ford offers high-quality vehicles with global appeal such as ‘fuel -efficient cars’, competent utility vehicles, and ‘fun-to-drive’. They ensure continuous improvement driven by their strong product line. Ford Motors highlights on overall profitability. Ford Motors’ loyalties to excellent fuel economy, stunning style as well as customer-focused technology are demonstrated throughout its product line.  Lincoln, one of the associated brands, is under focus to be established as a luxury brand to attain opportunities in the developing markets.   Excellent quality, laser-sharp spotlight on client safety and fuel efficiency continue to make Ford Motors a market leader with the US consumers.

Patient Information Sheet and consent form Essay

Patient Information Sheet and consent form - Essay Example The results of this test will give us more specific data regarding your fitness and cardiac health that will be used to further customise your pulmonary rehabilitation program. In 2014, all the patients, who participate in pulmonary rehabilitation at the Repatriation General Hospital, will be asked to do this maximal exercise cycle test as part of the standard pre pulmonary rehabilitation assessment. Data of this test will be used to further adjust your pulmonary rehabilitation exercises. If you participate in this research project, there is a 50% chance that you will and a 50% chance that you will not get this maximal exercise cycle test (we will decide this with the help of a computer program). If you will not be asked to do the maximal exercise cycle test, you will be offered the same pulmonary rehabilitation program that has been offered in the Repatriation General Hospital until the end of 2013. Instead of the maximal exercise cycle test, data of the walk test will be used to fit the pulmonary rehabilitation program. Programs without maximal exercise cycle test are offered in most of the centers around Australia. At the end of 2014, we will evaluate, whether the use of the extra maximal cycle test leads to further increase of the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. If this is the case, the standard use of the maximal exercise cycle test will be continued. If not, we most probably decide to go back to the previously used pulmonary rehabilitation approach. If you agree to particiate, we will use the measurements that will be done as part of your pulmonary rehabilitation measurements (at the start, by the 8th week, and end of the program). So, you will be asked to do three sets of measurements: before the start of the program, after 8 weeks, and at the end of the program. All measurements include: completing a set of questionaires, a walking test, and breathing test. You will

Principles of autonomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Principles of autonomy - Essay Example In this regard, autonomy dos not license patients to make any detrimental decisions that would hurt them, the family or the society. The idea of autonomy is banked upon the fact that people have different views regarding their health, religion, and cultural issues. In this regard, the principle expects that autonomous decisions maximize the welfare of the patients. It is worth noting that patients are supported by family members and other people in the community. As a result, they expect positive health outcomes. It is unethical to betray the expectation of other people by making unwise decisions. Family members are a particularly concerned about the progress of their patient and hence it would be unfair to them, both emotionally and financially, to make decisions that harm their health. The harmful acts may also require additional treatment and care; a fact that would add on to the cost of healthcare and reduce the recovery time. Thus, patients must consider the impact of their autonomous decisions on others before taking

Patient Information Sheet and consent form Essay

Patient Information Sheet and consent form - Essay Example The results of this test will give us more specific data regarding your fitness and cardiac health that will be used to further customise your pulmonary rehabilitation program. In 2014, all the patients, who participate in pulmonary rehabilitation at the Repatriation General Hospital, will be asked to do this maximal exercise cycle test as part of the standard pre pulmonary rehabilitation assessment. Data of this test will be used to further adjust your pulmonary rehabilitation exercises. If you participate in this research project, there is a 50% chance that you will and a 50% chance that you will not get this maximal exercise cycle test (we will decide this with the help of a computer program). If you will not be asked to do the maximal exercise cycle test, you will be offered the same pulmonary rehabilitation program that has been offered in the Repatriation General Hospital until the end of 2013. Instead of the maximal exercise cycle test, data of the walk test will be used to fit the pulmonary rehabilitation program. Programs without maximal exercise cycle test are offered in most of the centers around Australia. At the end of 2014, we will evaluate, whether the use of the extra maximal cycle test leads to further increase of the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. If this is the case, the standard use of the maximal exercise cycle test will be continued. If not, we most probably decide to go back to the previously used pulmonary rehabilitation approach. If you agree to particiate, we will use the measurements that will be done as part of your pulmonary rehabilitation measurements (at the start, by the 8th week, and end of the program). So, you will be asked to do three sets of measurements: before the start of the program, after 8 weeks, and at the end of the program. All measurements include: completing a set of questionaires, a walking test, and breathing test. You will

HOMEOSTASIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HOMEOSTASIS - Assignment Example Insulin facilitates the uptake of the glucose in the blood by cells to result in cellular respiration. However, an excess amount of the glucose remains in the bloodstream. The enzyme facilitates the conversion of excess amounts of soluble glucose to glycogen, an insoluble carbohydrate stored in the body muscles and the liver (Abpischools.org.uk 2013). The body utilizes large amounts of glucose in the blood to perform actions. During periods of illness, the body uses glucose to boost the immunity. As such, the sugar levels in the bloodstream drops below the ideal level, resulting in deficits reducing rates of cell respiration. The situation may also result from increased fasting and starvation. In these periods, the pancreas releases glucagon, which facilitates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose for circulation in the blood stream (Abpischools.org.uk 2013). A continuous series of these two processes maintains the level of blood sugar. This is a condition where the blood contains an excess amount of glucose due to failure of the body to use glucose for cellular respiration. The causes of high blood sugar are failure of the pancreas to secrete sufficient insulin or the failure of the cells to respond to insulin. The symptoms range from increased thirst, tiredness to frequent urinating. In this is condition the blood sugar level drops below the ideal level, resulting in a deficit (Abpischools.org.uk 2013). Medications taken orally may result in accidental hypoglycemia. Excessive consumption of alcohol may block the release of glucose into the bloodstream by the liver lowering the blood sugar. The condition may result from the occurrence of some diseases in severe strains in the liver. Kidney disorders prevent the excretion of medication that build up and affect the glucose levels in the blood. Tumors in the pancreas stimulate overproduction of insulin that facilitates

Texting While Driving Essay Example for Free

Texting While Driving Essay How many people text behind the wheel of their vehicle? Can we relate to the following story? Jaci Lemons* is driving down the street, headed to school. The 17 year old driver is texting another friend. As she looks down to read the incoming text, Jaci veers off to the right and crashes head-on into the back of a parked vehicle. She is taken to the hospital, but after brief examination by the attending ER doctor, Jaci is released. Thankfully, the only thing bruised is her pride, and her pocketbook. Missouri should make texting while driving illegal for all drivers, not just the drivers aged 21 and under. Missouri has passed a state law, on Aug. 28, 2009, that prohibits drivers 21 years of age or younger from sending or reading a text while driving. While that is a great start, it isnt enough. Drivers across the country have been seen in their vehicles doing all sorts of dangerous, weird, and downright strange things while driving. Watching a DVD movie (really), dressing, putting on makeup, eating, texting, etc; but texting is what is causing legislatures some concern here in Missouri. The problem is we spend so many hours behind the wheel that seemingly, we are driving on auto pilot. (Have you ever driven a while and then could not remember any of it?) Young people will be forced to at least keep their fingers off their keyboards while they drive,said Leanna Depue, director of Highway Safety or the Missouri Department of Transportation. The law is a small step toward counteracting some of the distracted driving that causes crashes in Missouri. And, according to a recent study by Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, texting while driving is the leading cause of traffic crashes in Missouri, as well as across the country. 80% of crashes involve driver distraction; mainly that texting is the number one thing that distracts motorists attention while driving. Half of all teen drivers say they text while driving. HALF. Its almost unthinkable to realize so many drivers dont have their eyes on the road. Couple that with the sobering fact that most cars on Americas roadways are traveling approximately 65 to 70 miles  per hour. According to the St. Louis Post Dispatch, statistics show that teenagers have the most problems texting while they are driving, probably because they text more than anyone else and send longer texts than their adult contemporaries. Some teens can very easily burn through a thousand minutes of texting in no time. Twenty-three other states, along with Missouri, have already made texting while driving illegal. While texting while driving a car should not be legal in any case, the law in Missouri allows drivers over the age of 21 to text while they are driving. Motorists in some states are allowed to use a cell phone while they drive, as long as its hands-free. Most states already have laws against talking on the cellphone and driving; however, what doesnt make any common sense at all is allowing those over the age of 21 to text and drive while banning those under 21 to do so. Take for instance, 38 year-old Donald Rios*. One afternoon, while traveling to another town, he was texting a co-worker about picking up some 4 by 6s for their job site. In the meantime, traffic was slowing because a farmer was burning his fields next to the interstate. Donald Rios looked up to see that traffic was nearly at a standstill, and he could not stop in time. He rear-ended the back of another vehicle, and in turn, a semi rear-ended him, causing his truck to cave in like an accordion. Subsequently, Rios lost his life in the accidentall because of his inattentiveness to the road ahead. Legislation encouraging laws which ban texting have also been encouraged at the federal level with proposals suggesting that any state who didnt ban texting could risk losing federal highway funding. Missouri is the 23rd state to ban texting while driving, but is 1 of 9 to single out a particular age group. The fine for texting while driving under Missouris new law is $200. Senator Ryan McKenna sponsored the bill. An insurance industry study has revealed that accidents increased in 3 of 4 states that has laws prohibiting texting while driving. The study, prepared by Highway Loss Data Institute, says it looked at accident statistics from insurance claims in four states that have made it illegal for motorists of any age to text while driving, as well as nine states with no, or limited  bans; in three states, accidents increased dramatically after the bans passed. Those were California, Louisiana and Minnesota . So, how does law enforcement actually catch you texting while driving? How can they tell if you were texting if you dont have the phone in plain view? Heres how: If your phone is destroyed in an accident, the phone company has a log of all texts and calls, which are also logged with the exact date and time. Phone companies keep a log of text histories just like a computer does of websites and pages. Please dont text (or do other distracted hazards) and drive. Your life, as well as others lives depends on it.

Case of Cu Chi Vietnam

Case of Cu Chi Vietnam Abstract As Pine and Gilmore (1998) coin the concept of a new economic era: the experience economy when customers are looking for exceptional and unforgettable experiences, it is obvious that tourism, like many other industries, is incessantly getting involved in experience economy and must generate more experience products. Many countries throughout the world have targeted tourism as a driving-force for development, and Vietnam is not an exception. However, there is lack of academic research on the relationship of the experience economy and the tourism development in Vietnam. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the case of Cu Chi, where experience economy has changed a war-devastated area in Southern Vietnam into a popular tourist destination. Hence, the objective of this paper is twofold: to investigate the affect of experience economy on Cu Chi, and to identify the experience products of this destination. Based on the findings, some practical approaches for tourism sustainable development planning of Cu Chi are then proposed. Introduction In the experience economy, Pine And Gilmore (1998) reveal a new era of economy in which people are attracted by meaningful experiences and intangible things instead of tangibles like years before. This experience economy is growing very fast thanks to the great need of customers for affective memories, sensation and symbolism which combine to create a holistic and long-lasting personal experience. New marketing approaches also shift from product attributes and quality to experiences that dazzle customers senses, engage them personally, touch their hearts and stimulate their minds (e.g. Schmitt, 2003; Gentile, Spiller and Noci, 2007). Therefore, Pine and Gilmore (1998) suggest businesses or destinations should add extra value to their offerings in order to provide unforgettable, satisfactory experiences to their customers. If companies can create personal experiences to customers, they will have sustainable competitive advantage (McCole, 2004; Prahalad and Ramaswany, 2004; Shaw and Iv ens, 2005). The experience economy also employs the concept of the Creative Class, which has been named by Richard Florida in his book The Rise of the Creative Class (2002). The Creative Class are not restricted in any set plan, but they have freedom to perform a more flexible one. This distinction still makes up the core meaning of the experience economy: The industry grows by a flexibility dictated by the interests and curiosity of its customers. Like other countries throughout the world, Vietnam has targeted tourism as the main industry for economy thriving. Across the country, many destinations was renovated and developed in order to attract international and domestic tourists. Cu Chi, a suburban district of Ho Chi Minh City in South Vietnam, which was well-known for fierce battles between Viet Cong (Vietnamese Communist) guerilla forces and U.S Army during the peak-period of Vietnam War (1961 1972), has become a popular sight-seeing. Cu Chi is a great example about how a ravaged area has been revitalized with strong elements of an experience based industry. Nevertheless, with the rapid growth of tourists coming to this district, it is necessary to apply proper planning for tourism sustainable development in Cu Chi. The Four Dimensions of the Experience Economy and Tourism Tourism industry has come into a new era of high competition and challenge to create distinguishing characteristics of tourist experiences (Perdue, 2002). This industry is an example of the growth of experience economy shown in earlier literatures (Cohen, 1979). What tourists get is experiences characterized by unique, emotionally charged and of high personal value (McIntosh and Siggs, 2005). Sternberg (1997:954) further argued that tourists are tourists because they want to compensate for their secular, disenchanted mundane lives through a temporary exposure to the other to the adventurous, foreign, ancient, or spectacular. Tourism establishments make it their business to shape, package and sell such experiences. Many literatures have tried to identify tourist experiences from a number of perspectives (Jackson, White and Schmierer, 1996; Prentice, Witt and Hamer, 1998; Li, 2000). The personal and affective dimensions of tourists experiences in natural and heritage environments have been revealed in many studies (Schanzel and McIntosh, 2000). Tourists experiences of high-risk adventure and leisure activities have also become the main topic of other researchers (e.g. Arnould and Price, 1993; Celci et al., 1993). These academic works have founded the significance and relation of understanding tourists experiences. There are four dimensions of experience which relate to tourism, which are: Education: Pine and Gilmores (1998) explored that customers are motivated to learn something new because an education experience actively engages their mind and intrigues them. Consumers also take an important part in co-determining their experience. By getting an educational experience, consumers can improve their knowledge and skills. Within tourism context, the desire to self-educate is a key motivating factor to travel (Prentice, 2004). Escapism: Tourism offers abundant chances for escapist experiences. Holidays are ways for escape aids, problem solvers, suppliers of strength, energy, new lifeblood and happiness (Krippendorf, 1987: 17). Tourists can get away from the daily routine of life by travelling (Uriely, 2005). Cohen (1979) also points out travelers are inspired to seek for a self-centre elsewhere away from everyday activities. Therefore, they are in search for satisfying and authentic experiences (Turner, 1973). Entertainment: Entertainment is considered as the basic and traditional form of experience, consumers get involved in entertainment passively. Pine and Gilmore (1998) note that companies are now stages used to delight and entertain patrons. Many tourist destinations are well-known for the level, variety and quality of their offers because entertainment intrinsically remains a fundamental part of the tourism product (Hughes and Benn, 1995). Esthetics: This dimension concerns how consumers interpret the physical environment around them. There are three aspects of physical environment categorized by Bitner (1992): ambient conditions; spatial layout and functionality; and signs, symbols and artifacts. In the literature of tourism and hospitality, Bonn et al., (2007) referred that the physical environment of tourist attractions is the key role in regulating visitors attitudes, future patronage intentions and readiness to recommend. Experience production Events, which are intentionally designed to bring meaningful experiences to the guests spending time there, are means of experience production (Boswijk, Thijssen, Peelen, 2007). In the case of Cu Chi, living underground in the tiny tunnel network or having meals like guerillas, the value of the experience is the essential part. Experiences have gradually become the hottest commodity, and this phenomena takes place in the minds of individuals, not only for rich people, but in various form of consumption and behavior (Boswjik Thijssen, 2007). Since the characteristics of experiences are personal, intangible and continuously ongoing, it is problematic for markets to satisfy those demands (ODell, 2005). There are also debates on in which conditions experiences can occur. Florida (2002:166) argues about the Creative Class lifestyle as a passionate quest for experience (2002: 166), they fill their lives up with intensive, high quality, multidimensional experiences. The Creative Class are keen on active rather than passive experiences, they prefer the consumption of experiences to traditional goods and services (Florida, 2002; George Henthorne, 2007). Due to the appearance and growth of The Creative Class, experience production becomes the main concern of many tourist destinations all over the world. This paper relates to Cu Chi context and describes how experience is produced at this place as well as its influence on the larger settings. Cu Chi in Vietnam War The history of foundation Cu Chi Tunnel is 70 km from Ho Chi Minh City in the Northwest where its earliest tunnels were established in 1948 at two villages Tan Phu Trung and Phuoc Vinh An. In the beginning, they were short and simple complexes for hiding documents, weapons, keeping Viet Cong officers operating in enemy rears. Subsequently, the tunnels were expanded to many neighborhood villages. From 1961 to 1965, the main structure of the tunnel called the Spinal Tunnel was finished in the area within five northern villages of Cu Chi District. Rooted from this frame, branch tunnels connected with the Spinal Tunnel and made them into intercommunicated tunnel systems. In order to facilitate the guerilla war, Cu Chi Tunnel was expanded rapidly to counter attack the invasion of Americans. In the peak period of Vietnam War (1966-1972), America Army performed various strategies by determination to eliminate the revolution forces of Cu Chi: 1. Using water to break down the whole network, 2.Deploying the sewer-rat a rmy to attack the tunnel, 3. Utilizing mechanical vehicles to demolish the structure, 4.Using Becgie dogs to attack guerrilla forces, 5. Seeding grass to destroy terrain. They also deployed the best divisions (Division No. 1, Red Eldest Brother, Division 25 Tropical Light etc) supported by tanks, armored cars, and artillery as well as air forces to wipe out the whole district. However, the American suffered serious damages in Cu Chi and failed to achieve their goals to stop Viet Cong. The tunnel network proved its amazing vitality while its branches stretched to everywhere within area. By 1967, the whole system reached the total lengths over 200 km. Tunnel dredging became a movement of Cu Chi people at that time with the involvement of olds, young, women and men for fighting against America Army. More surprisingly, after the war, there are many documents exploring that Cu Chi people only use primitive equipments such as hoes and bamboo-plaited dustpans to build up a great underground village with hundreds of km of crossing tunnels in earth womb. The whole network was constantly improved under the top-secret circumstances; guerilla forces must carry and hide thousands of soil metric meters to other places. Many methods were applied such as pouring down to flooded bomb holes, embanking into ant hills, pouring to fields and plant above. to clean the tracks th at could lead to the assaults of America army on the tunnel. From the Cu Chi Tunnels, Viet Cong could operate large-scale and sudden counter-attack which became frequent threats to enemies during the war. Tunnels structures The underground network of Cu Chi tunnel is a complex twisted in earth womb withmany long, short branches rooted from the Spinal tunnel and intercommunicated to each terrain. When being attacked, guerilla forces can escape through many outlets of branches leading to Saigon River. There are different layers of tunnels from 03 meter to 06 meter depth which can keep Viet Cong safe from cannons and weights of armored cars, the deepest parts can even stand for small bombs. The height and width of the Cu Chi tunnel is merely 50 cm, therefore, the common way for moving underground is creeping. Entrances and exits of the network are carefully camouflaged where some defense-points established to stop enemies or chemicals sprayed by enemies. For ventilation, air holes are set up to the ground under cover via many secret doors. A deadly ground was settled surrounding the tunnel network; it included antitank mines, traps, platforms for shooting helicopters in order to prevent enemies approaching closed. Between the tunnels, there are compartments for daily activities with storage of weapons, grains, foods, drinking water. People could cook secretly underground by Hoang Cam stoves which were designed for hiding smoke in soil. There are also subterranean medical stations, offices of leader, and meeting rooms for performing music and art. Thanks to its undestroyable system, Cu Chi tunnels could stand until spring 1975, when the country was unified and Vietnam War came to an end. Cu Chi as a tourist attraction After Vietnam War, Cu Chi district is the most devastated area of Southern Vietnam with scattered community; the life quality of Cu Chi people is also much lower in comparison with that of its neighborhood regions. Since the renovation policies of Vietnam government in 1986, Cu Chi has been targeted as the main tourist attraction of Vietnam where unique goods offered to tourists: war experiences. It can be considered as product or service innovations of Cu Chi due to changes directly observed by the customer and regarded as new; either in the sense of never seen before, or new to the particular enterprise or destination (Hjalager, 2010:2). The innovation of the whole area Based on the war remnant of Cu Chi, since 1990 this area has been gradually renovated which is called Cu Chi Tunnels Historical Monument Area. In this process, the authorities have tried their best to keep original actualities in order to offers chances of visiting and researching to international and domestic tourists. The liberty area of Cu Chi, where was once called iron land of guerilla forces in war period, is reappeared while five staged-locations is reinstated to depict Special War and Local War of American Army. Underground, there are 09 tunnel stratum spaces making up the motherland supernatural meditation symbol. To meet the needs of tourists coming to this destination, Cu Chi Tunnels Historical Monument Area has been constantly upgraded and it currently includes two subdivisions: Ben Duoc Tunnels Historical Monument Area: 75 km from Ho Chi Minh center within the total square of 89 hectares of Phu Hiep and Phu My Hung village. The main attractions of this area are: Tunnel area for visiting includes 02 bases with 15 hectares The Martyr Temple of 07 hectares The Liberty Area rebuilt of 50 hectares The National defense sport shooting-gallery of 03 hectares Ben Dinh Tunnels Monument Area: Within the total square of 06 hectares of Ben Dinh and Nhuan Duc Village deployed as follows: Statement hall and operation area of 01 hectare Sport ground, orchard and rest houses of 01 hectare Base for sightseeing tunnels of 03 hectares Rebuilding historical services of 01 hectare Combat villages a special form of tourism The objective of the model of Combat villages is to produce real war experience for tourists. In combat villages, there are typical houses representing daily life in war. All houses are decorated exactly the same way in the past with shelters, traditional furniture such as bamboo table, stone mortar. Statues are designed to rebuild lively sceneries such as secret meeting of guerrillas, teachers giving lectures to children under war conditions etc. In some houses, there are actors and actresses playing activities such as milling flour, making alcohol or baking. Tourists can take part in these actions or stay at houses for lively experiences. The tour guides in guerilla clothes are in charge of interpreting the meaning, history and function of the whole system. After traveling on the ground, tourists continue to collect new experiences by getting in the tunnel. Inside the tunnel, tourists may be impressed on how Cu Chi guerrillas can lived underground for many years and most of travele rs are keen on studying about unique ways for survival in severe conditions of war period. Surroundings the tunnel are plentiful material evidences such as armored tanks, bulldozers, helicopters, canons, bombs and so on collected from America Army. Tourists are embedded in the war experiences as well as having a chance to self-educate about the history of the war and the value of peace. The shooting area offers excited experience to tourists where all kinds of guns used by Cu Chi guerillas in the past are presented. Tourists can try different types of weapon and if they can hit the target, they are awarded special local gifts, for instance, bandanna, broad-brimmed cap The destination also provides abundant tourist services: traditional-cuisine restaurants, accommodation, camping area, conference facilities, boat excursion on Saigon River, electric car services for sightseeing, souvenir shops with gifts made from remaining war scraps, such as cartridge, gun fragment, guerilla uniformsThe whole area is highly-commercialized, and with the number of approximately one million tourist arrivals in 2007, Cu Chi seems to succeed in attracting both international and domestic tourists when presenting such special experiences as Berridge (2007:14) argued: At the root of this point is the idea that an event, for some stakeholders but not all, is an activity that is, at that point, meant to be unique and memorable Suggestions for sustainable tourism development planning in Cu Chi There are obvious evidences showing this long time war-suffered district has been revitalized and rapidly developed thanks to tourism industry. Nevertheless, it is necessary for the management board to apply some practices for sustainable tourism development planning at the destination. The UN report: Managing sustainable tourism development (Commission, 2001: 50) has been referred for proposing the following guidelines: The people of Cu Chi should take the main role in maintaining control over tourism development. At present, this tourist destination is under the management of Ho Chi Minh City Military Headquarters, which are state officials, while the local people get involved trivially in the development process of tourism. I believe that the experience economy can only flourish when there is establishment of functional and professional relationships at several levels in Cu Chi. The benefits must be distributed broadly and equally as well as planning requires local community input. Staff, the community and the tourists need more than Value for money. As many researches have pointed out that the best investment for a sustainable lifestyle of local community is to set up a fair distribution of benefits. This principle is also true for the case of Cu Chi. By giving them better opportunities of employment, education and training, Cu Chi people can enhance their skills and better control over their own lives. From the tourist viewpoint, it is important to bring travelers closer into the local community as well as satisfy their expectations and provide a high quality tourist experience. Currently, there are indications of unsustainable development of Cu Chi, for instance, many local products sold to tourists are wild animals, this kind of goods must be prohibited and the eco-friendly ones should be encouraged. Also, while local businesses try to maximize their pro fit and satisfy the increase of tourists demand, the waste treatment system has still not been established in this area. Marketing for sustainable tourism must be in harmony between the needs of the visitor, the place and the community. Experience economy basing on the tourism industry significantly depends on the choices and decisions of tourist entrepreneurs, the tourists and the authorities. Therefore, the objective of tourism marketing is to improve the process of conceiving and developing those specific tourism products, which better corresponding to different tourist categories needs (Muhcina, 2008). In this sense, Cu chi needs harmonious policies to promote tourism products and to satisfy the actual and future tourists needs, by using the natural environment elements in an equilibrated way. The surrounding region of Cu Chi with great landscape can be a solution for diversifying and offering various potential ecotourism products. Conclusion According to World Travel and Tourism Council in 2007, tourism industry is forecasted to generate double income within the next 15 years. Experience economy born by this industry can bring opportunities to developing countries in the process of development. In the case of Cu Chi, this destination has been surprisingly benefited by its war remnants as many people have said that they even can sell a war. The whole district has been revived and become a competitive destination with growing income and status. Nevertheless, there is a double-affect of this type of destination development. It offers new chances to the local community while simultaneously causing potential risks for the area, its people and resources. Hence, to achieve the objective of sustainable tourism development, Cu Chi must improve the quality and uniqueness of experiences providing for customers along with setting up a plan of development that takes local setting into consideration. This destination should not only s tick to the experience of the past war but also needs to prepare better for the future. The forthcoming stage of tourism development in Cu Chi should be considered as a new opportunity, not merely challenges, as Jensen declared in his book-Dream Society (2007:24): If you see the future as an obstacle, you are walking in the wrong direction. Bibliography Arnould, E. J. and Price, L. L. (1993) River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter, Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24-45 Berridge, G. (2007). Events Design and Experience, Event Management Series, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bitner, M. J. (1992) Servicescape: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees, Journal of Marketing, 56 (2): 57-67 Boswijk, A., Thijssen, T., Peelen, E. (2007). The Experience Economy: A new perspective. Pearson Education Benelux Bonn, M. A., Joseph-Mathews, S. M., Dai, M., Hayes, S. and Cave, J. (2007) Heritage/Cultural Attraction Atmospherics: Creating the Right Environment for the Heritage/Cultural Visitor, Journal of Travel Research, 45 (3): 345-354 Celci, R. L., Rose, R. L., and Leigh, T. W. (1993) An Exploration of High-Risk Leisure Consumption through Skydiving, Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 1-23 Cohen, E. (1979) A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences, Sociology, 13, 179-201 Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class and how its transforming work, leisure, community everyday life. New York: BasicBooks Gentile, C., Spiller, N. and Noci, G. (2007) How to Sustain the Customer Experience: An Overview of Experience Components that Co-create Value with the Consumer, European Management Journal, 25 (5): 395-410 George, B. P., Henthorne, T. L. (2007) Tourism and the general agreement on trade in services; Sustainability and other developmental concerns, International Journal of Social Economics, 34 (3), 136-146 Hjalager, A.-M. (2010). A review of innovation research in tourism, Tourism Management, 31(1), 1-12 Hosany, S., Witham, M. (2009) Dimensions of Cruisers Experiences, Satisfaction and Intention to Recommend. School of Management, Royal Holloway University of London Jackson, M. S., White, G. N. and Schmierer, C. L. (1996) Tourism Experiences within an Attributional Framework, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (4): 798-810 Jensen, R. (2001). Dream Society. Mcgraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 9780071379687 Krippendorf, J. (1987) The Holiday Makers. Oxford: Heinemann Professional Publishing Hughes, H. and Benn, D. (1995) Entertainment: Its Role in the Tourist Experience. In: D. Leslie, ed., Leisure and Tourism: Towards the Millennium, Vol. II, Eastbourne: Leisure Studies Association Li, Y. (2000) Geographical Consciousness and Tourism Experience, Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (4): 863-883 McCole, P. (2004) Refocusing Marketing to Reflect Practices: The Changing Role of Marketing for Business, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 22 (5): 531-539 McIntosh, A. and Siggs, A. (2005) An Exploration of the Experiential Nature of Boutique Accommodation, Journal of Travel Research, 44 (1): 74-81 Muhcina, S. (2008). Marketing and Sustainable Tourism, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania AGER, vol. 4(04(521)(s), pages 127-132, April ODell, T., Billing, P. (2005). Experiencescapes; Tourism, Culture and Economy. Copenhagen Business School Press Perdue, R. (2002) Perishability, Yield Management, and Cross-Product Elasticity: A Case Study of Deep Discount Season Passes in the Colorado Ski Industry, Journal of Travel Research, 41(1): 15-22 Pine, B. J. II. and Gilmore, J. H. (1998) Welcome to the Experience Economy, Harvard Business Review, 76 (4): 96-105 Pine, B. J. II. and Gilmore, J. H. (1999) The Experience Economy: Work is a Theatre and Every Business a Stage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press Prahalad, C. K. and Ramaswamy, V. (2004) Co-Creation Experiences: The Next Practice in Value Creation, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(3): 5-14 Prentice, R. C., Witt, S. F. and Hamer, C. (1998) Tourism as Experience: The Case of Heritage Parks, Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1): 1-24 Prentice, R.C. (2004) Tourist Motivation and Typologies. In: A. Lew, M. Hall, and A.M. Williams, eds., A Companion to Tourism. Blackwell, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 261-279 Rydland, C.M. (2009) The experience: Domino or Dynamo. Luleà ¥ University of Technology Schanzel, H. and McIntosh, A. J. (2000) An Insight into the Personal and Emotive Context of Wildlife Viewing at the Penguin Place, Otago, New Zealand, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 36-52 Schmitt, B. (2003) Customer Experience Management: A Revolutionary Approach to Connecting with Your Customer. New Jersey: Wiley and Sons Shaw, C. and Ivens, J. (2005) Building Great Customer Experiences. New York: MacMillan Sternberg, E. (1997) The Iconography of the Tourism Experience, Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4): 951-969 UNEP, WTO. (2005). Making Tourism more sustainable, A guide for policy makers. United Nations Environment Program and World Tourism Organisation. Online references Cu Chi Tunnel. Retrieved May 25th, 2010, available from http://www.cuchitunnel.org.vn World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). Retrieved May 25th, 2010, available from http://www.wttc.org

GPS Technology Essays -- essays research papers fc

Physics Assignment Global Positioning System GPS, of the Global Positioning System, is a system of satellites that orbit the earth above us that send signals continuously to ground stations that monitor and control GPS operations. GPS signals can be detected by GPS receivers, which by itself can calculate the location of the receiver by around ten metres. Such the accuracy and reliability of the GPS system that its is a required item for a long trip without and contact with humans. The GPS system was originally intended for military use; its use was to track and detect ships and submarines by the US military in the 1960s. As time moved on, and as the development progressed, its use changed, from only a military use to a more civilian use. When the GPS system finally became operational in the 1990s, it has proven itself to be a very sophisticated tool, being very reliable, as shown by the usage of the GPS system by both military and civilians. GPS worked by each satellite that emitted a unique radio wave also known as the ‘Pseudo Random code’, which is basically a series of random radio signals; so random, that there is absolutely no chance that thre would be a matching signal. The signals, which contain the time and the position of the satellite, are then compared by the GPS receiver from four satellites. Considering how extraordinarily sophisticated the technology is, the operating principle of GPS is remarkably simple. Each satellite continuously broadcasts a digital r...

Incivility in College Classrooms Essay

Incivility thrives through our modern society and into the classrooms and campuses of colleges. Incivility can automatically be thought of as the improper behavior or insulting other people based of race, looks, ect. However, incivility exists in classrooms where the professor experiences disrespect in multiple forms. Colleges obtain a policy towards incivility and proper conduct, however the importance of respect and civility in the actual classroom can be found to be left out. Civility should be a requirement for campuses to preserve courtesy and respect amongst both students and teachers. In particular, California State University San Marcos has a Standards of Student Contact that lists expectations to avoid situations such as cheating, being involved with drugs, lying to police authorities, ect. These policies revolve around acts that result in major punishment, and does not include civility issues of how students treat each other on campus, or more so the respect that should be maintained in a classroom. The importance of civility on campus and in classrooms should be magnified to create a comfortable, mature environment for students and faculty. Professors notice a trend in incivility among students including bullying, disrespect towards professors, and a lack of kindness. These factors are consistently ignored and are not given enough attention. Civility on campus is an unrecognized policy that needs to gain awareness. New college students enter their schools with an attitude of entering the real world of adulthood and independence. Unlike high school, college students go through the process of paying for tuition and other college fees to obtain their desired college degree. As a result of acknowledging their payments towards their classes, a loss of conduct can occur in classrooms. College has a reputation of more freedom when it comes to classrooms. College students know that the classes they go to are being paid for by themselves. Because of this students feel that their choices in college are their own responsibility. They are adults who need to tend for themselves. Although high schools and colleges share a commonality in terms of shaping one’s future, college is its own level of obtaining education. Once a student begins his or her college career, a new world is unraveled. Many of these newcomers in college are not fully aware of the challenges that they are about to face, thus resulting to misfortunate outcomes that would affect them later on in their lives. There are many responsibilities that need tending once you are a college student. For one, the parental supervision that once existed has disappeared, and many simple tasks and duties that seemed unimportant became major responsibilities that require attention. Paying for the necessities that come with the lifestyle of being self-dependent is basically a college student’s standard of living. Unlike high school, college students go through the process of paying for tuition and other college fees to obtain their desired college degree. With that said, they are often faced with the sacrifice of leaving class in order for them to go to work, which ultimately is their temporary solution of funding their tuition. Aside from the financial aspect of being a college student, it is also important to acknowledge the fact that they are fully fledged adults. Furthermore, they are under their own rule, thus whatever decision they decide upon affects their own lives, not the professor. Also, college has standards that are different to that of high schools. Students have the option of leaving whenever they please, because as mentioned earlier, they have many responsibilities that often force them to do so. Though many would concede of such reasons that explain the responsibilities that college students deal on a regular basis, it disregards the larger matter and that is the practice of becoming an adult and how to handle the life ahead of you. This, in fact, is the major weakness of this argument because it only focuses on the notion that is currently present. It neglects to mention that college is a template of adulthood, and that it is often hard to manage because its purpose is to shape you for the future challenges that you may face in life. It is basically set to difficult levels so that it would enable you to become accustomed of the adult lifestyle. Students can misinterpret the idea of â€Å"freedom† in college. Although college is a big step into the adult world versus high school, they may take advantage of that and bring disrespect to campus and the classroom. Maria Shine Stewart notes in her article â€Å"Cropping Out Incivility† how unkindness and hate on campus can escalate to violence. Going into college, some students may feel like they can reform themselves and misuse their high confidence. Immaturity from high school can drag into college and cause bigger problems and even bullying. In high school petty arguments come up, but in college where everyone is expected to act like mature adults words can be taken very offensively and the outcome can be more serious. College is a place for students who want to grow educationally, not a place to be disturbed by those few people who bring interruptions and unnecessary drama. Civility on campus should be an important subject advertised to ensure a pleasant environment for the students to grow successfully. Going from high school to college is a big deal for incoming students. College has grown a reputation of a place to get educated with more freedom. In high school students are used to following strict rules of no cell phones, attendance, and proper behavior. Although college is a place for adults and allows more freedom than high school, a code of conduct has been twisted. Because students pay for college, they feel they have permission to handle the way they learn on their own terms. Leaving class for example is an idea brought to students that is â€Å"o. k† since what they learn or do not learn is on their own shoulders. However, students fail to realize that professors work hard to ensure their lectures and notes push their students in the right direction to succeed in their class. The whole point of a professors job is to educate their students so they can pass their class and move forward. Leaving during class is an unprincipled disturbance to the other students and professor. The professor gives students their time to drive to the campus and try to help educate their students, and leaving in the middle is disrespecting their efforts. Some professors are lenient and allow students to get away with small misbehaviors such as eating in class, texting, talking, and more. Students take their quiet disregards as permission to continue, not realizing the disturbance and disrespect they are giving their professor. Most high schools have a strict no cell phone code, and students entering college believe that cell phones are okay to be freely handled even in class. Even though some professors write in their syllabus â€Å"no cell phones†, students still feel that texting under their desk will be okay with the teacher. Although some professors may look the other way, students fail to realize that professors know when students are occupied with something unrelated to the lecture. By being occupied by something separate from the actual class discourages the professor’s effort on trying to help their students succeed. Students do not recognize that the disrespect towards professors does effect them. Thomas Benton notes in his article â€Å"Remedial Civility Training† how he puts in effort to â€Å"make my classes interesting and relevant† only to have students disregard his class and only see it as an requirement. Civility should be enforced in the classroom to give that respect to professors and other students who are there to succeed in their education. Civility has become so flexible and twisted that the relationship between student and professor has transformed. Professors should be treated with respect, just as any educator feels they deserve to be treated as. However, some students find themselves able to mistreat their professors to an extent. In Marilyn Gilroy’s journal article â€Å"Colleges Grappling with Incivility† she maintains how â€Å"Faculty members have reported numerous confrontations with students over grades† and mistreatment towards professors over grades can become threatening. Although Gilroy writes how a majority of faculty members do not experience threats over grades or a students performance, the fact that even a small percentage receive violent threats is disturbing. A separation between professor and student should be established to prevent such incivility in that relationship. A professor should not receive such extreme blame for a students performance, even if the professor is rightful to be blamed. A discussion would be appropriate rather than a hasty act of threats and accusations. Professors should be allowed the right to preserve the respect in the student-educator relationship. The relationship between the professor and student should be used towards promoting civility in the classroom. To prevent students feeling less involved and under complete authority of the professor, discussion and communication through the class room would produce civility. Mary Deane Sorcinelli’s article â€Å"Dealing with Troublesome Behavior In The Classroom† suggests seeking feedback from students, or allowing classroom policies to be open for discussion amongst students. Sorcinelli claims that by giving the student a voice in the rules, appreciation will be given to the policies set by the professor. Compromise can create a more civil relationship for the students and professor. Incivility is amongst college campuses in multiple forms. Civility should be something strong and advertised on campus to ensure a comfortable learning environment is established. Students should not have to suffer through misdemeanor of other peers. Immaturity and bullying is something college students should not be dealing with when they put their time and money towards their education. Although incivility is for the most part under control on campuses, proper behavior in classrooms has been disregarded. Professors are expressing a concern over students actions during their class time. Students find that because they are paying for college, they have more freedom. Although freedom is given, a certain conduct should be kept within the classroom. Paying attention, being prepared, and attendance should be something students can handle on their own. However, professors notice a lack of civility within their own classroom. Civility should be a policy in colleges to ensure that professors and peers receive respectful treatment.